The ceramic masters of Ephesus, thanks to the fertile clay of the city, had mastered the production of jugs, bowls, oil lamps, and various decorative items. Potters would clean and shape the clay soil, then mold it into vessels on a wheel (workbench), and finally bake them in kilns. Excavations have uncovered remnants of ancient kilns, indicating the existence of ceramic production from the earliest periods of the city. The surfaces of the products were sometimes adorned using painting, engraving, or stamping techniques; alongside everyday utensils, objects such as decorative figurines were also produced. Particularly during the Hellenistic period, Ephesos type lamps produced in Ephesus were mass-produced using gray-colored clay material and extensively exported. Indeed, the ceramic vessels and glassware manufactured in Ephesus became trade items throughout the empire due to their quality.