Glass masters conducted small-scale yet valuable productions in ancient Ephesus, particularly during the Roman Imperial period. In the glass workshops of the city, sand and other materials were melted in high-temperature furnaces (~900-1000°C), and the glass melt that reached the desired consistency was either taken up with long iron rods and blown or poured into molds and shaped. This process produced various forms of perfume bottles (unguentarium), beads (especially those like the evil eye bead), and glass bowls. The numerous beads found in Ephesus are part of the glass bead tradition that has continued in Anatolia since prehistoric times. Small vessels and decorative objects made by glass masters were used in the daily lives of the local people, and some special Ephesian glasses were also in demand in other cities of the empire. The transparency and colorful varieties of glass items held a significant place in the rich perfume and cosmetic culture of the period.

Glass masters conducted small-scale yet valuable productions in ancient Ephesus, particularly during the Roman Imperial period. In the glass workshops of the city, sand and other materials were melted in high-temperature furnaces (~900-1000°C), and the glass melt that reached the desired consistency was either taken up with long iron rods and blown or poured into molds and shaped. This process produced various forms of perfume bottles (unguentarium), beads (especially those like the evil eye bead), and glass bowls. The numerous beads found in Ephesus are part of the glass bead tradition that has continued in Anatolia since prehistoric times. Small vessels and decorative objects made by glass masters were used in the daily lives of the local people, and some special Ephesian glasses were also in demand in other cities of the empire. The transparency and colorful varieties of glass items held a significant place in the rich perfume and cosmetic culture of the period.